INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on BP (biological process) gene revealed that compared to the T1DM group, the EUG intervention group exhibited significant enrichment in pathways, including ‘response to glucose’, ‘response to carbohydrate’, ‘cellular glucose homeostasis’, and ‘positive regulation of insulin secretion’ with NES>0 (Figure 3—figure supplement 1C–F).