TNF and metabolic syndrome: In the perirenal fat, MCP-1 (Figure 4A,B), TNF-a (Figure 4A,C), and IL-6 (Figure 4A,D) were all upregulated in the MetS + RAS group compared to the Lean and MetS groups but decreased in the MetS + RAS + MSC group relative to the MetS + RAS group (Figure 4).