TNF and neoplasm: Gut chronic inflammation leads to prolonged immune activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) and growth factor (e.g., VEGF and PDGF) release, and oxidative stress, which triggers cycles of tissue damage and repair, increasing the likelihood of errors during cell division, suppressing anti-tumor immune surveillance, and facilitating the survival of aberrant cells, which creates an enabling environment for cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis, increasing the risk of colon cancer [28].