INS and Insulin resistance: CD and UC overregulated DEGs, including some TFs (MLX, MLXIP, PPARA, PPARGC1A, and PPARGC1B), are related to insulin resistance, as insulin can stimulate PPARα-mediated transcription via MAPK-induced phosphorylation at Ser12 and Ser21, adjusting PPAR activity to match cellular demands for growth, differentiation, and survival [113].