CCND1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: This decrease in APC levels results in elevated β-catenin, which activates transcription of genes like G1/S-specific cyclin-D1(cyclin D1), avian myelocytomatosis virus oncogene cellular homolog (c-Myc), and pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2), thereby promoting aerobic glycolysis, proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells, and tumor growth in mice (Fig. 1B) [64].