These compounds can inhibit the HCC growth and proliferation via apoptosis by targeting inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) and tumor suppressor TGF-βR1 involved in NF-κB and SMAD signaling pathways, respectively (Ahmed et al., 2016[1]; Ramadan et al., 2023[36]). Here, TGFBR1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.