SPP1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Flavonoids in E. officinalis such as apigenin and luteolin can inhibit HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by inducing apoptosis via inhibiting the AKT/osteopontin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, respectively (Im et al., 2018[23]; Yang et al., 2018[50]).