Additionally, it is known that hypoperfusion and IRI can not only cause direct renal injury but also cause a secondary renal injury through heightened proinflammatory mechanisms (15); this may be why ratios of urinary anti-inflammatory biomarkers/urinary biomarkers of hypoperfusion (H-FABP), and IRI (MK) were also decreased in those who developed PTOS-AKI. Here, FABP3 is linked to acute kidney injury.