Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of IBA-1, HMGB1, Notch1, and Hes-1 in the hippocampal region of the CRS-3 m group relative to the Ctrl group, with the CRS-5 m group showing higher expression levels than both the CRS-3 m and CRS-4 m groups (Fig. 3A-E). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and congenital rubella syndrome.