Results from the phase Ib clinical trial indicated that NEO-PV-01, containing up to 20 unique neoantigens in synthetic long peptide form, in combination with a PD-1 antibody significantly prolonged survival in patients with advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and bladder cancer, compared tonivolumab monotherapy [51]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.