In addition, TINAGL1 is thought to play a role in the pathology of many cancers, including HCC through the transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)/small mothers against decapentaplegic protein (SMAD)/vascular endothelial-derived growth factor axis 25, non-small cell lung cancer 26, gastric cancer by regulating multiple matrix metallopeptidase expression 27, and breast cancer through integrin/focal adhesion kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling 28, 29. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.