Analysis of the transcriptome dataset GSE167523 in Gene Expression Omnibus (consisting of NAFLD patients, with 51 cases of NAFL and 47 cases of NASH), revealed that the liver tissues from NASH patients exhibited higher expressions of TNF and IL1β compared to those from NAFL patients (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.