TNF and malnutrition: On the one hand, NWO subjects have a higher degree of inflammatory and pro-thrombotic biomarkers such as plasma homocysteine, interleukins, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [15, 19, 25, 39], and inflammation could cause damage to the inflamed site, resulting in metabolic dysregulation, homeostatic alteration and even some diseases (anemia, various tissue damages, malnutrition, and autoimmune diseases) [40].