PGM3 and combined immunodeficiency: A review of 44 cases from 21 families with biallelic PGM3 mutations during the period 2014–2023 stratified the phenotypes as hyper IgE syndrome-like [HIES, 26 patients (3, 5, 8)], combined immunodeficiencies [CID, seven patients (2, 6, 10, 12)], and severe combined immunodeficiencies [SCID, 11 patients (4, 7, 13, 15)] (Table 2).