INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1D, five specific autoantibodies targeting antigens have been identified: insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), islet antigen-2 antibodies (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 antibodies (ZnT8A), and tetraspanin-7 antibodies (Tspan7A) (43).