In contrast, based on the core CDGs, “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum” (ER) (e.g., UBE2D4, ATF4, HERPUD1, MAN1A2, and UBE2J1), “FoxO signaling pathway” (e.g., IGF1R, SGK1, GABARAPL1, CCND2, and NLK), and “transcriptional misregulation in cancer” (e.g., IGF1R, NUPR1, CCND2, PDGFA, and RXRA) are low in PDAC relative to normal pancreas (Supplemental Table 4A). The gene discussed is IGF1R; the disease is cancer.