GPNMB and cancer: They included well-known candidates in cancer such as ALDOC, HIF1A (in glycolysis), SNAI2, ZEB1 (in epithelial-mesenchymal transition), monocarboxylate transport 4 (SLC16A3), MMP2, GPNMB, KRT17, and INHBA (all of which were upregulated), as well as downregulated genes such as GATA4, ADH1A, PTF1A, CBS, and genes encoding pancreatic digestive enzymes (e.g., PRSS1, CPA1, and CPB1).