IRF1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In support of this important role of CARINH in human inflammation, genome-wide association studies and follow-up reporting suggest that the IRF1 and CARINH loci are linked to inflammatory disorders including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Chiaroni-Clarke et al, 2014), inflammatory bowel disease (Ma et al, 2023; Johnson et al, 2024), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Joo & Himes, 2021; John et al, 2022) where the strength of the immune response to pathogens is impaired (Curtis et al, 2007).