Notably, it has been reported that IRF1 promotes the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and that cells deficient of IRF1 are more susceptible to infection with IAV in vitro; meanwhile, IRF1−/− mice infected with a sublethal dose of IAV do not show noticeable changes in morbidity and body weight (Kuriakose et al, 2018). Here, IRF1 is linked to infection.