Notably, IFNs have attracted attention in IMIDs in light of studies showing pronounced type 1 IFN signatures in SLE, RA, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren’s syndrome and psoriasis.35, 39 Due to the robust antiviral effect of IFNs during immune homeostasis, its increased expression in patients with IMID might hint at a connection between the scarcity of viral symptoms and the presence of sustained IFN responses in patients with IMID. Here, IFNA1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.