(ii) Since BiP was shown to modulate virus-induced pathogenicity by interacting and controlling the secretion of a viral pathogenicity factor, e.g., NS1 secretion in Dengue infection (69), it is plausible that secretion of BiP during infection may promote the co-secretion of other cellular and viral proteins important for viral spread or pathogenesis via cell-non-autonomous UPR induction. This evidence concerns the gene HSPA5 and infection.