Observations of changes in both gRNA and sgRNA species under conditions of hnRNP K downregulation indicate that hnRNP K may be a regulatory transcription factor in both the early and late replicase assembly, which would need to be verified through further investigation into RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and hnRNP K colocalization studies in the context of 181/25 versus ΔhnRNPK-BS1 infection. Here, HNRNPK is linked to infection.