IRF3 and Reoviridae infectious disease: Previously, we and others reported that RNase L activation by its ligand 2-5A or dsRNA and the treatment of cells with RL RNAs induced JNK and p38 signaling and sustained activation-promoted apoptosis [56,58,59,60,63,69]; DHX15 is reported to activate MAPK, IRF-3, and NF-kB in response to polyI:C and upon reovirus infection [39,40].