A total of 99 patients with desmoplasia-sensitive PCa and a PSA doubling time (PSADT) of less than 12 months were randomly assigned to receive either pTVG-HP in conjunction with a 200 μg GM-CSF adjuvant administered intradermally, or 200 μg GM-CSF alone, with both treatments administered six times at 14-day intervals over a period of two years. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and posterior cortical atrophy.