MUC1 and cancer: Among these tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), the ones expressed on mucin MUC1, including abnormally truncated glycans such as Thomsen-nouveau (Tn), Thomsen–Friedenreich (TF) and their sialylated derivatives, have garnered the most attention, ranking second on the NCI priority list of cancer antigens [4] due to MUC1’s high immunogenicity, role in immune evasion, and abundant expression in lung [5], breast [6], colon [7] or prostate [8] epithelial adenocarcinomas [9,10].