PTGS2 and colitis: As shown in Figure 3C–E, the levels of MPO activity (Figure 3C) and proinflammatory mediators CINC-3 (Figure 3D), iNOS, and COX-2 (Figure 3E), which were elevated by colonic inflammation, were decreased, and AQSA-Glu at both low and high doses was more effective in suppressing MPO activity and reducing proinflammatory mediators in the inflamed distal colon than 5-AIQ, clearly indicating that colon-targeted delivery of 5-AIQ enhanced the therapeutic potency of 5-AIQ against rat colitis.