TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC HepG2 cells, 2-ET increased TNF-α, SOD1, and CXCL8 expression, and the expression of TNF-α was also induced after exposure to 3-ET and 4-ET (Figure 3B, right panels), suggesting that ETs upregulate inflammatory signaling in HepaRG cells more aggressively compared with HCC HepG2 cell model (Figure 3B, left and right panels).