TFRC and infection: Significantly higher levels of sTfR in relation to serum ferritin, in our study, underscore the impact of IDA and AI as additional causes of anemia in 9.4% of highland children, and the effects of combined infections by helminths of H. nana and A. lumbricoides lead to mixed types of anemia, likely due to a variety of symptoms, including nutritional malabsorption, malnutrition, gastrointestinal bleeding, and iron deficiency attributed to these helminths [31,32,33,34].