AKT1 and sarcopenia: The muscle atrophy and loss observed in sarcopenia are caused by excessive proteolysis, where muscle proteins are synthesized and degraded under the influence of various factors such as IGF-1, Akt, mTOR, MyoD, Myogenin, MuRF1, Atrogin-1, FoxO, etc. TNF-α and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1 activate the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, promoting muscle protein degradation and leading to muscle atrophy [13,14,15,16].