We plotted individual cytokines related to AD and neuroinflammation, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12p40, to further assess their inflammatory profiles and observed decreasing trends of these cytokines in APOE4 mice treated with NPF when compared to PBS treated or NP treated mice (Figure 5D, right panel). This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and Alzheimer disease.