Further, in an acetic acid-induced colitis model and caco-2 colon epithelial cells, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (mangiferin) prevents activation of NLRP3 and expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-16, and IFN-γ [139]. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and colitis.