In osteo/odontogenic differentiation assay using the cultured DPCs from T2DM and the controls, odontoblast-specific genes, Alpl, Dmp1, Osx, and Runx2 were significantly decreased in T2DM DPC compared to control DPC, whereas gene expression of Klf4 and Nes was not altered (Figure 5D,D’). The gene discussed is KLF4; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.