ESR1 and osteoporosis: Several large GWAS have investigated the genetics of osteoporosis, revealing BMD-associated genes, including ESR1, LRP4, ITGA1, LRP5, SOST, SPP1, TNFRSF11A (RANK), TNFRSF11 (RANKL), and TNFRSF11B (OPG) [39].