TNF and Alzheimer disease: In an AD context, inflammation persists and some enzymes like AMPK (AMP activated kinase) can induce microglia to change into the activated pro-inflammatory phenotype M1, which encourages inflammation and raises the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 while also impairing phagocytosis.