The authors proposed that HMGB1 and RAGE overexpression in cholesteatoma promotes increased keratinocyte proliferation, survival, and migration via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB, MAPK p44/p42, Erk1/2, and STAT3 signaling pathways, while also enhancing IL-8 release [73]. Here, AGER is linked to cholesteatoma.