ALAS2 and chromosome-type aberration frequency: Although the in vitro cell models lack the complexity of the in vivo systems, such as the interactions within the bone marrow microenvironment and the dynamics of systemic pharmacodynamics, they have been proven to be valuable in the study of CSA caused by mutations in HSCB [30], ABCB7 [31], ALAS2 [32], and GLRX5 [33] genes.