TNF and Behcet disease: As for BD, a comprehensive review of 102 papers reporting inflammatory biomarkers including interleukins, interferon (INF)γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 and chemokines levels in serum/plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a variety of peripheral white blood cells (PBLs) and postmortem brain summarized that pro-inflammatory cytokine are elevated and anti-inflammatory cytokines are reduced in patients afflicted with this disorder [29].