VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As a microvascular complication of T2DM, elevated oxidative stress and a reduced antioxidant capacity lead to greater expression of adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which impairs endoneurial blood flow and leads to progressive damage to peripheral axons [4,5,6].