IFNG and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) substantially increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and kynureninase activities in primary peripheral blood macrophages and fetal brains (astrocytes and neurons), as well as in cell lines derived from macrophages/monocytes (U373MG astrocytoma), SKHEP1 liver and lung cells [70], murine cloned macrophages and microglial cells [71], human dermal fibroblasts [72], and human monocyte-derived macrophages [73].