The study demonstrated that recombinant ORM2 stimulates RA macrophages and FLSs to produce proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL8) via the NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and rheumatoid arthritis.