MALAT1 and Parkinson disease: In a PD mouse model and the MPP+ SH-SY5Y cell line, MDMA enhanced the loss of dopaminergic neurons by the upregulation of MALAT1, which in turn, through the MALAT1–miR-124–MEKK3 axis, reduced cell viability and TH expression and increased neuroinflammation and nitric oxide (NO) release.