CX3CL1 and fetal growth restriction: A study performed by Pala et al. has found that elevated levels of proinflammatory factors, such as CX3CL1 and CCL-4 (or MIP-1β), along with other inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, and increased HIF-1α levels, are associated with IUGR attributed to a hypoxic amniotic environment [51].