TNF and COVID-19: Based on this, Qin et al. recently explored the effectiveness of CAT administration as a potential treatment for COVID-19, showing that the administration of nano-encapsulated CAT to Rhesus macaques elicited cytoprotection, increased the viability of HPAEpiC human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells, down-regulated the leukocyte production of TNF-α and IL-10, and inhibited COVID-19 replication, without noticeable toxicity [47].