In particular, in colon carcinoma cell lines, CT26 and HCT116, the antimetastatic, antiproliferative, anti-invasive, and anti-migratory activities of RA are mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, induction of caspase-3, -8, and -9, as well as reduction of the MMP-2, MMP-9, cyclin D1, CDK4, ICAM-1, and integrin β1 expression [39]. The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is colon carcinoma.