While caffeine is commonly used in pre-term infants for apnea, in this hyperoxia-induced BPD model, treatment with caffeine significantly reduced oxidative stress, promoted alveolar development, and attenuated inflammatory infiltration and lung injury, and these were associated with a significant inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome protein and NF-κB pathway [151]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is bronchopulmonary dysplasia.