Pharmacological CXCL9 administration inhibits collagen deposition in end-stage IPF-PH patients [303], prevents TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro [304], and induces the sIL-13Rα2 decoy receptor, suggesting its inhibitory role in fibroplasia and extracellular matrix deposition [305]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.