UDCA has been shown to reduce colitis and tumor growth in AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer by facilitating Akkermansia colonization [186], activating FXR via synergistic effects with intestinal epithelial cells and TH17 and ILC3s [205], increasing 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 2 by preventing BA accumulation and increasing the formation of BA sulfates [206], and inducing suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 via TGR5 in macrophages [207]. Here, NR1H4 is linked to infectious otitis media.