The serum expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor-15 was discovered to have comparable diagnostic accuracy to CA 19-9, with a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 88%, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 24.57, with a moderately superior AUC (0.8945) in diagnosing PC and a moderate predictive capacity to identify high-risk patients for developing cancer, according to familial and genetic factors [119]. Here, GDF15 is linked to cancer.