LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Histological analysis using H&E and PAS staining (Figure 1A), as well as immunohistochemical staining for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a well-established biomarker of acute kidney injury [17], showed that tubular injury was significantly reduced in the 4-PBA-treated group compared to the cisplatin-only group (Figure 1B).