CXCL12 and gastric neoplasm: Studies of gastric tumor samples demonstrate increased DARPP-32, CXCR4, and CXCL-12 compared to normal tissues, with correlations between these proteins suggesting that targeting the DARPP-32/CXCR4/CXCL-12 pathway could effectively manage metastasis in gastric cancer, as shown in Figure 2.