A growing body of evidence suggests that impairment of the microbiota disrupts the anti-tumor effects of CpG ODNs immunotherapy, as it demonstrates that the effectiveness of CpG ODNs and anti-IL-10 treatment is diminished in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, which exhibit lowered levels of TNF and IL-12 compared to particular pathogen-free animals [45,46]. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.