CD40LG and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: In the study by Krahel et al. (2021), stress exacerbated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms by contributing to HPA axis hyperactivity and dysregulation, increasing immune markers (sAA, IgA, IgM), and affecting metabolic health, as seen in higher body mass and BMI; this interplay suggests that stress may heighten ADHD symptoms through hormonal, immune, and metabolic pathways, ultimately increasing broader health risks [3].