NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Cardiac hypertrophy is induced via MAPK signaling pathways [300], resulting in pathologic hypertrophic remodeling [301] associated with upregulation of fetal genes (Nppa, Natriuretic peptide B-Nppb) and downregulation of adult protein isoforms (α-Myosin heavy chain 6-αMhc6) relevant to fetal protein isoforms (β-Myosin heavy chain- βMhc7) [300].