Also, purple corn anthocyanins (particularly Cy3G) inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor development in both cancer-prone transgenic (human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene, Hras128) and wild-type mice by pro-apoptotic mechanisms (caspase-3 upregulation and lower Ras protein levels) [101]. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and breast cancer.